h
ἦἦ, Adv., never in the form ἦε (ἠέ): TO CONFIRM an assertion, in truth, of a surety, ἦ ὀλίγον οἷ παῖδα ἐοικότα γείνατο Τυδεύς Il.5.800, etc.; ironically, 1.229, al.; with concessive force, it is true that . . : hence, although . . , ἦ καὶ γένει ὕστερος ἦεν 3.215: freq. strengthd. by the addition of one or two other Particles, as ἦ ἄρα Od.24.193; ἦ ἄρα δή Il.13.446; ἦ ῥα 4.82; ἦ ῥά νυ 6.215; ἦ γάρ 1.78; ἦ γάρ τοι Od.16.199; ἦ δή Il.2.272; ἦ δή που 21.583; ἦ δῆτα S.OT429; ἦ θην Il.20.452; ἦ κάρτα S. El.1279; ἦ μάλα Il.3.204; ἦ μάλα δή 5.422; ἦ μήν and ἦ μέν (v. infr.); ἦ νυ Il.22.11; ἦ τάχα Od.18.73; ἦ τε 13.211: and to express doubt, ἦ που, v. ἦ που and ποῦ: esp. ἦ μήν used in oaths and asseverations, Il.2.291, 7.393, A.Pr.73, 168, etc.; also ἦ μάν Il.2.370, 13.354, Sapph.Supp.23.5; ἦ μέν Od.10.65(later εἶ μήν, v. εἷ): c. inf. in orat. obliq., after Verbs of swearing, etc., σὺ δὲ σύνθεο, καί μοι ὄμοσσον, ἦ μέν μοι πρόφρων ἔπεσιν καὶ χερσὶν ἀρήξειν Il.1.77; ἦ μέν also in Ion. historical Prose, Hdt.4.154, 5.93, al.; ἐγγυᾶσθαι, ἦ μὴν παραμενεῖν Pl. Phd.115d; ἐγγυητὰς καταστῆσαι ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν Lexap.D.24.39: with other Particles, ἦ μὲν δή Il.2.798, Od.18.257, al.; ἦ δὴ μάν Il.17.538. in the combinations ἐπεὶ ἦ, ὅτι ἢ and τί ἢ; A.D.Conj.255.5, Synt.307.19(cf. Hdn.Gr.1.520), recognizes an 'expletive' ἠ(παραπληρωματικὸς σύνδεσμος) perispom. after ἐπεί, barytone after ὅτι or τί. It is prob. the same as the affirmative ἦ (cf. A.D.Conj.l.c.), and occurs in the same combinations, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολύ . . Il.1.169, al.; ἐπεὶ ἦ μάλα ib. 156, Od.10.465; ἐπεὶ ἦ καί . . Il.20.437, Od.16.442. Trypho took τίη as one word, and this can be supported by τί ἢ δὲ σύ . . Il.6.55, but A.D.(Conj.l.c.) infers from the accent of ὅτι ἢ that τί ἢ was two words. The Attic accentuation is said by Eust.45 init., 118.39, 907.14 to be τιή, ὁτιή(qq. v.). this ἦ (or ἢ) is prob. to be recognized in ὥς τε γὰρ ἦ Il.2.289, ὥς τέ τευ ἦ Od.3.348, 19.109, where codd. have ἢ (in Od.3.348 ἠδέ (cj. Bekker) shd. perh. be read for ἠέ). in Questions not involving alternatives: Direct questions, epexegetic of a preceding question, suggesting the answer to it, τίπτ᾽ εἰλήλουθας; ἦ ἵνα ὕβριν ἴδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονος; why hast thou come? is it that thou mayst see . . ? Il.1.203, cf. 5.466,7.26, Od.4.710,13.418, 17.376, B.17.5; τί δῆτα χρῄζεις; ἦ με γῆς ἔξω βαλεῖν; S.OT622, cf. E.Or.1425 (ἤ codd.); τίς σοι διηγεῖτο; ἦ αὐτὸς Σωκράτης; Pl.Smp.173a (perispom., cod. B): on the accent, Hdn. Gr.2.112. not epexegetic of a preceding question, ἦ σύ γ᾽ Ὀδυσσεύς ἐσσι πολύτροπος; art thou the wily Odysseus? Od.10.330, cf. Il.11.666, 15.504; ἦ οὐκ ὀτρύνοντος ἀκούετε . . Ἕκτορος; do you not hear . .? ib.506, cf. Od.16.424; ἦ τὸ πλοῖον ἀφῖκται; Pl.Cri.43c; ἦ οὐ δοκεῖ καὶ σοὶ οὕτω; don't you think so too? Id.Grg.479b (perispom., cod. T); ἦ βούλει συλλογισώμεθα αὐτά; shall we work them (the consequences) out? ib.479c (perispom., cod. T); ἦ τορῶς λέγω; A.Ag.269; ἦ κἀν δόμοισι τυγχάνει τανῦν παρών; S.OT757: freq. with other Particles, ἦ ἄρ . . ; Od.20.166, Il.19.56; mostly ἦ ῥα . . ; 5.421, 762, Od.4.632; also in Trag. (in lyr.), A.Pers.633, S.Aj.172, 955: esp. to mark the first of several questions, Pi.I.7(6).3 sqq.; ἦ ἄρα δή . . ; Il.13.446; ἦ ῥά νυ . . ; 4.93; ἦ νυ . . ; 15.128; ἦ ταῦτα δή . . ; S.Ph.565, El.385; ἦ ταῦτα δῆτα . . ; Id.OT429; ἦ γάρ . . ; A.Pr. 745, 757, S.OT1000: in Att. Prose, ἦ γάρ; standing alone, is it not so? Pl.Tht.160e, Grg.449d, 468d; ἦ καί . . ; A.Ag.1207, 1362
ἦ usu. begins the sentence, except that the vocative may precede, as in Il.5.421, 762, Od.4.632, S.OC863, 1102, or ἀλλά, as in A.Ag.276, Ch.774
by Crasis ἦ combines with ἄρα in Att. and the κοινή to ἆρα (q. v.), in all other dialects (cf. A.D.Conj.223.24) to ἦρα (q. v.), but ἆρα is found in Pi.P.4.78 (ἄρα codd.), al., Archil.86, 89. Indirect questions, οἴχετο πευσόμενος μετὰ σὸν κλέος ἤ που ἔτ᾽ εἴης Od. 13.415 (v.l. εἰ, which alone has Ms. authority in Il.1.83, Od.19.325); ὄφρα καὶ Ἕκτωρ εἴσεται ἢ καὶ ἐμὸν δόρυ μαίνεται ἐν παλάμῃσιν Il.8.111 (v.l. εἰ); ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ . . ἢ καὶ Λαέρτῃ αὐτὴν ὁδὸν ἄγγελος ἔλθω; Od.16.138 (v.l. εἰ); ἀμφίστασθαι ἦ κα πεφυτεύκωντι πάντα κὰτ τὰν συνθήκαν they shall investigate whether . . Tab.Heracl.1.125; μαντεύσασθαί οἱ. . ἦ λώϊόν οἵ κα εἴη Isyll.34; διαφαφίξασθαι ἦ δοκεῖ αὐτὸν στεφανῶσαι IG12(3).170.12 (Astypalaea): accented ἤ in codd. Hom., but it shd. perh. be perispom.

h
ὁὁ, ἡ, τό, is, when thus written, demonstr. Pronoun. in Att., definite or prepositive Article. in Ep., the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nom. masc. and fem. sg. and pl., ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codd. and most printed books, exc. when used as the relative; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ; the nom. forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by A.D.Pron.8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς) in Aeol. acc. to Aristarch. ap. A.D.Synt.51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not Cypr., cf. Inscr.Cypr.135.30H., nor Cret., cf.Leg.Gort. 5.28, nor Lesbian, cf. Alc.81, Sapph.Supp.5.1) and Hom. have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in Hom.): other Homeric forms are gen. sg. τοῖο, gen. and dat. dual τοῖιν Od.18.34, al.: gen. pl. fem. τάων [ᾱ], dat. τοῖσι, τῇς and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖς in Hom.— In Dor. and all other dialects exc. Att. and Ion. the fem. forms preserve the old ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence Dor. etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶς; the gen. pl. τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶν; the gen. sg. is in many places τῶ, acc. pl. τώς, but Cret., etc., τόνς (Leg.Gort.7.7, al.) or τός (ib.3.50, al.); in Lesbian Aeol. the acc. pl. forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, IG12(2).645 A13, B62; dat. pl. τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, v. supr.), ib.645 A8, ib.1.6; ταῖσι as demonstr., Sapph. 16. The Att. Poets also used the Ion. and Ep. forms τοῖσι, ταῖσι; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν . . , τοὶ δέ . . , for οἱ μέν . . , οἱ δέ . . , not only in lyr., as A.Pers.584, Th.295,298; οἱ μέν . . τοὶ δ᾽ S.Aj.1404 (anap.); but even in a trimeter, A.Pers.424. In Att. the dual has usu. only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) And.1.113 sq.; τὼ πόλεε Foed. ap. Th.5.23; τὼ ἡμέρα X.Cyr.1.2.11; τὼ χεῖρε Id.Mem.2.3.18; τοῖν χεροῖν Pl.Tht.155e; τοῖν γενεσέοιν Id.Phd.71e; τοῖν πολέοιν Isoc.4.75 (τά S.Ant.769, Ar.Eq.424,484, ταῖν Lys.19.17, Is.5.16, etc. have been corrected); in Arc. the form τοῖς functions as gen. dual fem., μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν Schwyzer664.8 (Orchom., iv B.C.)
in Elean and Boeot. ὁ, ἡ ʽἁʼ, τό, with the addition of -ί, = ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, nom.pl. masc. τυΐ the following men, Schwyzer485.14 (Thespiae, iii B.C.), al., cf. infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ, cf. Skt. demonstr. pron. sa, sā, Goth. sa, sō, ONorse sá, sú, Old Lat. acc. sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from Τόδ] cf. Skt. tat (tad), Lat. is-tud, Goth. pata: —with τοί cf. Skt. te, Lith. tĩe, OE. pá, etc.
with τάων cf. Skt. tāsām, Lat. is-tarum
the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (q. v.) is different.) ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, that, the oldest and in Hom. the commonest sense: freq. also in Hdt.(1.86,5.35,al.), and sts. in Trag. (mostly in lyr., A.Supp.1047, etc.; in trimeters, Id.Th.197, Ag.7, Eu. 174; τῶν γάρ . . , τῆς γάρ . . , Id.Supp.358, S.OT1082; seldom in Att. Prose, exc. in special phrases, v. infr. VI, VII): joined with a Subst., to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης he—Tydeus' famous son, Il. 11.660; τὸν Χρύσην that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with Appellat., Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.—thataged man, 7.324; αἰετοῦ . . τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle, that which is called hunter, 21.252, al.; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour, namely that of Priam, 20.181; οἴχετ᾽ ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone, and he the best, 11.288, cf. 13.433, al.: sts. with words between the Pron. and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186, cf. 703, al.
different from this are cases like Il.1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ᾽ ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς if he would help the Trojans, but drive those back to the ships—I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, cf. 1.472, 4.20,329, al. freq. without a Subst., he, she, it, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε Il.1.12, al. placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest, above those to wit who, etc., Il.17.172; οἷ᾽ οὔ πώ τιν᾽ ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν . . Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, those women to wit who . . , Od.2.119, cf. Il.5.332; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν Od.21.43, cf. 1.116, 10.74
for the Att. usage v. infr. before a Possessive Pron. its demonstr. force is sts. very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος that spirit of thine, Il.6.407, cf. 11.608; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewh. it is merely the Art. for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, v. infr. B. init. ὁ μέν . . , ὁ δέ . . without a Subst., in all cases, genders, and numbers, Hom., etc.: sts. in Opposition, where ὁ μέν prop. refers to the former, ὁ δέ to the latter; more rarely ὁ μέν the latter, ὁ δέ the former, Pl.Prt.359e, Isoc.2.32,34: sts. in Partition, the one . . , the other . . , etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in gen. pl., being divided by the ὁ μέν . . , ὁ δέ . . , into parts, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι . . , τῶν δ᾽ αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο Il.18.595; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται Pl.R.338d, etc.: but freq. the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον Il.5.28, cf. Od.12.73, etc.: so in Trag. and Att., S.Ant. 22, etc.; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ Pl.Phdr.255c; if the Noun be collective, it is in the gen. sg., ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος D.42.6: sts. a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν or ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτας᾽ Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος . . , Μάρις δὲ . . Il.16.317-19, cf. 116; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. D.18.102, cf. Pl.Grg.501a, etc. when a neg. accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ S.OC24; τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ᾽ οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης Pl.R.475b; οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ᾽ οὔ: οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ᾽ οὔ Id.Cri.47a, etc. ὁ μέν τις . . , ὁ δέ τις . . is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν . . , ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος X.Cyr.3.1.41; νόμους . . τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς Pl.R.339c, cf. Phlb.13c. on τὸ μέν . . , τὸ δέ . . , or τὰ μέν . . , τὰ δέ . . , v. infr. VIII.4. ὁ μέν is freq. used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ᾽ ἐσκίδναντο . . , Μυρμιδόνας δ᾽ οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι Il.23.3, cf. 24.722, Th.8.12, etc.: also folld. by ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ᾽ ἐκέλευε . . , ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον Od.7.304; by ἄλλος δέ, Il.6.147, etc.; τὸν μὲν . . , ἕτερον δέ Ar.Av.843, etc.; ὁ μέν . . , ὃς δέ . . Thgn.205 (v.l. οὐδέ): less freq. ὁ δέ in the latter clause without ὁ μέν preceding, τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ᾽ ὄπισθε διώκων (for ὁ μὲν φεύγων) Il.22.157; σφραγῖδε . . χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ᾽ ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν IG22.1388.45, cf. μέν D. III; γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής Pl.R. 369d, cf. Tht.181d. ὁ δέ following μέν sts. refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ᾽, ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον . . βεβλήκει Il. 4.491; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι Hdt.6.3, cf. 1.66,6.9,133,7.6: rare in Att. Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν: ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν Th.1.87; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον: οἱ δ᾽ οὐ κατεῖχον X.An.4.2.6: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, v. infr. 7; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, v. ὅ γε 11. ὁ δέ is freq. used simply in continuing a narrative, Il.1.43, etc.; also used by Hom. in apodosi after a relat., v. ὅδε 111.3. the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and δέ, οὔθ᾽ ὁ . . οὔθ᾽ ὁ Il.15.417; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς A.Supp.439; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς Pl.Lg.701e. the following usages prevailed in Att. Prose, in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nom. sg. masc. καὶ ὅς; in the other cases the usual forms of the Art. were used (v. ὅς A. II.I and cf. Skt. sas, alternat. form of sa); so, in acc., καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν Pl.Smp.174a, cf. X.Cyr.1.3.9, etc.; also in Hdt., καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61, al. ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ Pl.Lg.721b: but mostly in acc., καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν Lys.1.23, cf. Pl.Lg.784d; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς D.21.141, cf. 9.68; τὸ καὶ τό Id.18.243; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be so and so, Arist.Rh.1401a4, cf. 1413a22; but τὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another, of good and bad, τὸν δ᾽ ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν Thgn.398, cf. Pi.P.5.55,7.20, al.; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν Id.O. 2.53; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, Hp.Acut.46; cf. A. VI.8. abs. usages of single cases, fem. dat. τῇ, of Place, there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, Il.5.752,858, al.: folld. by ᾗ, 13.52, etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ X.Ath.2.12. with a notion of motion towards, that way, in that direction, Il.10.531,11.149, 12.124; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ . . 15.46; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες Hes.Sc.210
only poet. of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν in this way, thus, Od.8.510. repeated, τῇ μέν . . , τῇ δέ . . , in one way . . , in another . . , or partly . . , partly . . , E.Or.356, Pl.Smp.211a, etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ᾽ ἧσσον Parm.8.48. relat., where, by which way, only Ep., as Il.12.118, Od.4.229. neut. dat. τῷ, therefore, on this account, freq. in Hom., Il.1.418, 2.254, al. (v. infr.): also in Trag., A.Pr.239, S.OT510 (lyr.); in Prose, τῷ τοι . . Pl.Tht. 179d, Sph.230b. thus, so, Il.2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, esp. when εἰ precedes, be translated, then, if this be so, on this condition, Od.1.239,3.224,258,al., Theoc.29.11.—In Hom. the true form is prob. τῶ, as in cod. A, or τώ, cf. A.D.Adv.199.2. neut. acc. τό, wherefore, Il.3.176, Od.8.332, al., S.Ph.142(lyr.); also τὸ δέ abs., but the fact is . . , Pl.Ap.23a, Men.97c, Phd.109d, Tht. 157b, R.340d, Lg.967a; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (cf. supr. VI. 6), τὸ δ᾽ ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ . . ἐπετήδευσαν Th.1.37; τὸ δὲ . . ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται Id.2.89; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι: τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, Nic.Dam.58J. τὸ μέν . . , τὸ δέ . . , partly . . , partly . . , or on the one hand . . , on the other . . , Th.7.36, etc., cf.Od.2.46; more freq. τὰ μέν . . , τὰ δέ . . , Hdt.1.173, S.Tr.534, etc.; also τὰ μέν τι . . , τὰ δέ τι . . X.An.4.1.14; τὸ μέν τι . . , τὸ δέ τι . . Luc.Macr.14; τὰ μέν . . , τὸ δὲ πλέον . . Th.1.90: sts. without τὸ μέν . . in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι Id.1.107,7.48: rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ . . , τέλος δέ several times . . and finally, Hdt.3.85. of Time, sts. that time, sts. this (present) time, συνμαχία κ᾽ ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) SIG9.3 (Olympia, vi B.C.): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, Ep. τοῖο, from that time, Il.1.493,15.601. πρὸ τοῦ, sts. written προτοῦ, before this, aforetime, Hdt.1.103,122,5.55, A.Ag.1204, Ar.Nu.5, etc.; ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ Th.1.32, cf. A.Eu.462; τὸ πρὸ τοῦ D.S.20.59. in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed yesterday (lit. before this [day]), and to-day's, IG9(2).517.43 (Larissa, iii B.C.). ἐν τοῖς is freq. used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a most marvellous thing, Hdt.7.137; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the very first, Th.1.6, etc.; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος (πρώτοις codd.) Pherecr.145.4; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first of all, Aristid. Or.43(1).16, cf. 37(2).2: when used with fem. Nouns, ἐν τοῖς remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες the greatest number of ships, Th.3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (sc. ἡ στάσις) ib.82: also with Advbs., ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα Id.8.90, Pl.Cri.52a, Plu.2.74e, 421d, 723e, Brut.6, 11,al., Paus.1.16.3, etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα Th.7.71; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν Plu.2.364c: in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον Aristid.Or.48(24).47 codd.; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ D.H.1.19, cf. 66 (ἐν ταῖς πάνυ f.l. 4.14,15). ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, the, to specify individuals: rare in this signf. in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In Hom. the demonstr. force can generally be traced, v. supr. A. I, but the definite Art. must be recognized in places like Il.1.167,7.412, 9.309, 12.289, Od.19.372: also when joined to an Adj. to make it a Subst., αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον the hindmost man, Il.11.178; τὸν ἄριστον 17.80; τὸν δύστηνον 22.59; τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325; τῷ πρώτῳ . . , τῷ δευτέρῳ . . , etc., ib.265sq.; also in τῶν ἄλλων 2.674, al.: with Advs., τὸ πρίν 24.543, al.; τὸ πάρος περ 17.720; τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583; also τὸ τρίτον ib.733; τὰ πρῶτα 1.6,al.; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for the rest, 23.454; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559.—The true Art., however, is first fully established in fifth-cent. Att., whilst the demonstr. usage disappears, exc. in a few cases, V. A. VI-VIII.—Chief usages, esp. in Att. not only with common Appellats., Adjs., and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also freq. where we use the Possessive Pron., τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην Ar.Ach.5; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην my head was broken, And.1.61, etc.; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make our friends, S.Ant.190; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding their cities, Th.1.12; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας Pl.R.372b. omitted with pr.nn.and freq. with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, v. θεός 1.1, βασιλεύς III; ἐμ πόλει in the Acropolis, IG12.4.1, al.: but added to pr. nn., when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as Th.(3.70) speaks first of Πειθίας and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.; cf. Θράσυλος in Id.8.104, with ὁ Θ. ib.105; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever this Zeus is, E.Fr.480; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with pr. nn., save to give pecul. emphasis, like Lat. ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, S.OT729, El.35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a pr. n. is different, v. A.I). Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in SE183b7, PA642a28, al., but ὁ Σωκράτης when he means the Platonic Socrates, as Pol.1261a6, al.: so with other pr.nn., EN1145a21, 1146a21, al. for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., v. καί B.2. in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν . . λεύσσει Il.3.109; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης D.18.242, etc. freq. with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως Th.3.45, etc. of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, v. γεωγράφος, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός. with infs., which thereby become Substs., τὸ εἴργειν prevention, Pl.Grg.505b; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, S.Ant.1348(anap.), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the Art.and the inf., τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι the existence of gods, Pl.Phd. 62b; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the fact or statement that no one is happy, Hdt.1.86. in neut. before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος the word or notion man; τὸ λέγω the word λέγω; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', E.Hipp.265(lyr.); τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, Pl.Men.72e: and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα . . περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν the opinion about the question 'who ought to rule', Id.R.431e; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ᾽ ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase 'I will give back, if . . ', X.Cyr. 5.1.21, cf. Pl.R.327c, etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς D.23.148; τὸ ὀλίγοι the term few, Arist.Pol.1283b11. before relat. clauses, when the Art. serves to combine the whole relat. clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι the harshness you speak of, Pl.Cra.435a; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν . . , καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) Id.Criti.115b; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν . . ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν Id.R.469b; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται Id.Prt.320d, cf. Hyp.Lyc.2; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις Arist.Metaph.987a8; τὸν ὃς ἔφη Lys.23.8: hence the relat., by attraction, freq. follows the case of the Art., τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, X.HG2.3.25, etc. before Prons., before the pers. Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in acc., τὸν ἐμέ Pl.Tht.166a,Phlb.20b; τὸν . . σὲ καὶ ἐμέ ib.59b; τὸν αὑτόν Id.Phdr.258a; on ὁ αὐτός, v. αὐτός 111. before the interrog. Pron. (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, A.Pr.251, Ar. Pax696; also τὰ τί; because οἷα went before, ib.693. Of τίς only the neut. is thus used (v.supr.): ποῖος is thus used not only in neut. pl., τὰ ποῖα; E.Ph.707; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖος; ib. 1704; τῆς ποίας μερίδος; D.18.64; τοῖς ποίοις . . ; Arist.Ph.227b1. with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Art. either makes the Pron. into a Subst., ὁ τοιοῦτος that sort of person, X.Mem.4.2.21, etc.; or subjoins it to a Subst. which already has an Art., τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην D.41.13. before ἅπας, Pi.N.1.69, Hdt.3.64, 7.153 (s.v.l.), S.OC1224 (lyr.), D.18.231, etc.; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, Arist.Pol.1287b8, 1288a19: on its usage with ἕκαστος, v. sub voc.; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., v. ἄλλος 11.6, πολύς 11.3, etc. the Art. with the Comp. is rare, if ἤ follows, S.Ant.313, OC796. elliptic expressions: before the gen. of a pr.<*>., to express descent, son or daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (sc. υἱός) Th.4.104; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (sc. θυγάτηρ) E.Hel.470: also to denote other relationships, e.g. brother, Lys.32.24, Alciphr.2.2.10; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M.the wife of S., Ar.Ec.46; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his men, X.An.1.2.15; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slave of A., Hp.Hum.20. generally, before a gen. it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter of the ships, the affair of the Hermae, Th.4.23,6.60; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote the interests of Arrhibaeus, Id.4.83, cf. 6.89, etc.; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, Id.4.18; τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events, ib.55; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of the rites due to the dead befits the living, E.Supp.78(lyr.); τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destined by the gods, S.Tr.498(lyr.): hence with neut. of Possessive Pron., τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν, what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, S.Aj.124, El.251, etc.: and with gen. of 3 pers., τὸ τῆσδε E.Hipp.48. But τό τινος is freq. also, a man's word or saying, as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος Hdt.1.86; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου as Homer says, Pl.Tht.183e; also τά τινος so-and-so's house, Ar.V.1432, D.54.7, Theoc.2.76, Herod.5.52, Ev.Luc.2.49. very freq. with cases governed by Preps . . αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες the ships from Zacynthus, Th.4.13; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, v. ἀμφί c.1.3, περί c.1.2; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης the Thrace-ward district, Th.1.59, al.; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matters on deck, Id.7.70; τὰ ἀπ᾽ Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposals of Alcibiades, Id.8.48; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidents of fortune, Id.2.87, etc. on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., v. μά IV. in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (sc. ὁδόν) Pl.Ly.203a; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (sc. στολή, δέσις), v. θάνατος; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (sc. γνώμην), v. ἐμός 11.4; ἡ αὔριον (sc. ἡμέρα), v. αὔριον; ἡ Λυδιστί (sc. ἁρμονία) Arist.Pol.1342b32, etc.: freq. with Advs., which thus take an adj. sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς Th.1.52; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (sc. ἄνθρωποι), ib.9,10, etc.; but τό stands abs. with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a Subst., as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο E.Ph.266, cf.[315] (lyr.); ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν Id.Or.1412(lyr.): rarely abs. in gen., ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, X.An.1.3.1; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν S.Aj.731. as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects; both in nom. sg. masc. ὅ, as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες Od.2.262, cf. 1.300, al.; Ἔρως, ὃ κατ᾽ ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον E.Hipp.526(lyr.); Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται Theoc.15.86; ὃ ἐξορύξη he who banishes him, Schwyzer679.12,25 (Cyprus); and in the forms beginning with τ, esp. in Hom. (Od.4.160, al.), Hdt.1.7, al.: also in Ion. Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαι Archil.87.3, cf. Semon.7.3, Anacr.86 (prob.), Herod.2.64, al.: freq. in Trag., τῆς S.OC1258, Tr.381,728, E.Alc.883 (anap.); τῷ S.Ph.14; τήν Id.OC747, Tr.47, El.1144; τό Id.OT1427; τῶν ib. 1379, Ant.1086.—Never in Com. or Att. Prose
Ep. gen. sg. τεῦ Il.18.192(s.v.l.). CRASIS OF ARTICLE: Att. ὁ, ἡ, τό, with ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιον; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθά; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντος; but ἅτερος, θάτερον (¯˘˘), Ion. οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (v. ἕτερος), Att. fem. ἡτέρα, dat. θητέρᾳ (v. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (freq. written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Pap.); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί=αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ. other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., Dor. ὡξ from ὁ ἐξ Theoc.1.65, ὥλαφος from ὁ ἔλαφος ib.135; Ion. ᾡσυμνήτης from ὁ αἰς-SIG57.45 (Milet., v B.C.); ὡυτή from ἡ αὐτή Heraclit.60, etc.